American and Chinese Business Cultures Free Essays

string(119) It is seen as a courteous motion in the two societies to pause for a moment and view the business card before putting it away. The American and Chinese business societies have huge contrasts that meddle with the manner in which business is done. The businessmen in the two districts have certain practices and qualities that are considered as standard. The distinctions in the two business societies have prompted some reasonable and effective undertakings to be turned down because of a misconceptions or clashes that were experienced dependent on the business social contrasts. We will compose a custom article test on American and Chinese Business Cultures or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now There are different likenesses found between the two business societies and one similitude is the severe adherence to timetables and time the executives. The two business societies esteem their time and they guarantee that it is spent carefully. Inability to oversee time in the two societies is viewed as an offending motion and an indication of lack of regard. In addition, another similitude is the specialty of thankfulness that is exceptionally respected and the regard given to the senior agents in gatherings when they are being tended to. There are a few remarkable contrasts that unmistakably exist between the two business societies and they impact the way wherein business is completed in these nations. For example in the Chinese business culture, organizations are possessed and overseen inside the family paying little heed to their capabilities and experience. Data in regards to the exhibition of the organizations is treated as classified and when they need assets for their organizations they scan for it from their loved ones or inside the private area. Americans then again, look for assets from both the private and open divisions to fund their business. They likewise uncover all the data about their organizations making it open for general society to examine and break down it. Moreover, their organizations are controlled by qualified experts. 1. 0 Introduction Culture is an intricate method of living that is created by numerous individuals everywhere throughout the world. It is given starting with one age then onto the next throughout the years for it to be kept up. It is significant that culture is involves the qualities and standards followed by a gathering of individuals in a general public and it portrays the manner in which those individuals ought to carry on and treat each other as they live respectively amicably (Bucknall, 2000). It similarly characterizes the idea of the individuals in that society and how they identify with the remainder of the world. The way of life of a specific people portrays how they can identify with another gathering with a culture that is very unique. The more the distinctions that exist between the two societies the more troublesome it is for the two social orders to live respectively and collaborate. On a similar note, the odds of mistaken assumptions increment when two societies contrast incredibly in their qualities, standards and different attributes. Furthermore, clashes likewise increment exponentially when the two social orders have not had any associations among them (Gertmenian, n. d). The American and the Chinese business societies are a genuine case of societies that are extraordinary and that consistently connect with numerous difficulties and mistaken assumptions confronting them. Businessmen who have been attempting to wander into the two economies have been confronted with a few difficulties. A portion of these specialists have started a new business adventures with next to zero data about the social contrasts between the two business societies (Chen, 2003). Their business thoughts and adventures have fizzled regardless of their abilities and guarantee of achievement and benefit. The reasons that have been refered to for the disappointment of such gainful endeavors are the absence of comprehension of the distinctions in the way of life between the Americans and the Chinese. Business openings keep on expanding in the Chinese area and this is drawing in a great deal of Americans to accept up these open doors. This businessmen need to comprehend the various viewpoints that lie between the two societies and the business behavior that is required from them once they are in China. It bears taking note of that the Chinese people group likewise needs to comprehend the American culture with respect to the strategic approaches so as to limit the odds of mistaken assumptions and contradictions. Information on the two unique societies is essential to the accomplishment of the business. Considering this view this paper will equitably talk about four similitudes and four contrasts between the American and Chinese business societies. 2. 0 Similarities between the American and the Chinese Business Culture The American and Chinese business culture however delineated in two distinct nations, share a few likenesses in the manner in which they work. These likenesses are shared through their techniques and center that the two of them have in doing business effectively. The likenesses that they share are autonomous and are not affected by the conduct or culture of the one another. These likenesses are anyway grounded in the manner their other social practices that they have created and kept up throughout the years. a) Business Meetings This is one of the comparative highlights as in the two business societies hold conferences to talk about business connections between the organizations. The conferences may appear as snacks or meals or they may once in a while be done in the workplaces. The gatherings are typically organized ahead of time and they now and then require some type of writing that is sent to every one of the welcomed visitors (Kwintessential, n. d). The gatherings are typically orchestrated on ordinary working days to abstain from burdening the various gatherings joining in and the clothing standard is normally inferred by various factors however as a rule it is formal. The correct relationship is first made in quite a while to take into account the advancement of the business bargain. It merits referencing that in the two societies conferences generally include the shaking of hands when they are being acquainted with one another and it shows that they are in understanding. The shaking of hands is taken to be an indication of regard between the two gatherings. Business cards are traded during the gathering either toward the beginning or end of the gathering. It is seen as a neighborly motion in the two societies to pause for a moment and view the business card before taking care of it. You read American and Chinese Business Cultures in classification Papers When business is being done between the two societies it is significant that the business cards are made bi-lingual to guarantee that the beneficiaries can understand them. Rewards are likewise offered during the conferences. In the Chinese culture green tea is typically offered in the majority of the gathering however a portion of the universal organizations additionally offer espresso as reward. In the American culture rewards as a rule comprise generally of espresso or tea. During the gathering selective guest plans in the two societies are made and every individual who goes to the gatherings needs to sit at an exact position distributed to them. There is typically a host in the gatherings who guarantees that the gathering goes on easily and that the visitors are very much facilitated (CBBC, n. d). b) Managing Time In both business societies time is of the quintessence a valid example. Among the Chinese conferences start on schedule and they take the planned time expected to guarantee that the motivation behind the gathering is accomplished. Time isn't squandered during the gatherings and they stay centered to the plan of the gathering. Reliability is accentuates and viewed as significant in the two societies and the chaperons are really urged to show up before the expected time. Moreover, in the Chinese business network showing up later than expected to any conference is viewed as an affront to different individuals. At the point when the gathering is a Chinese dinner, the visitors are encouraged to show up at any rate 15 minutes before the feast begins (Chinese Business Culture, n. d). The Americans then again generally work with tight calendars and they similarly esteem their time. They don't take it compassionate when the visitors who should be in the gathering show up later than expected. It is a typical practice to be approached to sit tight subsequent to showing up before the expected time for a gathering in the American culture as the host gets done with getting ready for the gathering. In the two societies conference are completed inside ordinary working hours that are between 8 am and 5pm (â€Å"Chinese Business Culture,† n. d) and is for the most part for the gatherings did inside the workplaces. Different gatherings that happen in the nighttimes like the supper gatherings are not expanded late into the night. c) Protocol In the two societies the position levels are carefully followed. The most senior individual is presented first and is normally alluded to by their last names and their positions, for example, Mr. or on the other hand Director (CBBC, n. d). This is normally significant and is viewed as an indication of regard for them. Their position might be given when they are being presented and every individual in the gathering is required to deliver them as indicated by their titles and position. Convention is additionally expected to be kept up in the guest plans with the senior individual given the front seat. The host ordinarily sits down that is put in the table and faces the entryway. The most senior individual in the gathering seats on the left half of the host at the center seat. The remainder of individuals in the gathering get their seating positions as per their status in a dropping way. Status in the Chinese business culture is significant particularly when the gathering includes state or government authorities. At the point when the presentations are being made the senior individual is presented first then the rest follow. At the point when business cards or endowments are being offered, it is obliging in the two societies to offer the senior individual in the gathering first (Saxon, 2007). In the American cultur

A Simple Trick for Creative College Essay Topics Exposed

<h1>A Simple Trick for Creative College Essay Topics Exposed </h1> <p>Should you conclude you should talk around one of the banality exposition themes referenced beforehand, a phenomenal way to deal with recount to an increasingly predominant story is to focus on one explicit second and work starting there. At the point when you're expounding on yourself, be sure you incorporate words that clarify the feelings you're feeling at a few segments of the story. The following activity is to experience your proposals and figure out which one is going to bring about the most grounded article. The significant thought can turn into your title moreover. </p> <p>Let's experience the critical activities which will assist you with transforming an exceptional point into a significant paper. Bridget's exposition is very solid, yet there keep on being a couple easily overlooked details that could be improved. Stephen's paper is very compelling. </p> <p>When composing articles, it's easy to float away from the subject and go odd. To do this, you have to build up what explicitly you're concentrating on and the manner in which you'll structure your article. In this manner, expositions have come to be an indivisible part of scholastics. To find out about papers, it's imperative to perceive any reason why expositions are such a significant segment of scholastics. </p> <p>There's a commonplace school paper composing design you should follow. You may consider the way the straightforward APA necessities are fulfilled in APA Essay test. Thus, it's critical that you take a gander at the simple school exposition organizing rules, which are given beneath. Article group doesn't have anything to do with the genuine substance of the exposition, it is the manner in which you sort out and present it. </p> <h2> How to Get Started with Creative College Essay Topics?</h2> <p>Don't disregard to investigate t he entrance to assets the subjects that you consider. You could likewise request that our specialists give you a hand. Thus, such master will promptly adapt to whatever you may require. Our specialists want to help you. </p> <p>The point is very essential recorded as a hard copy school application expositions, you can likewise find out about composing a prosperous school application paper to discover more. In case you're applying to a school that doesn't acknowledge the Common App, you should respond to their exact article questions. In the event that you are looking for school article models, here's an incredible one below.</p> <p>Write unmistakably and show schools how you think and precisely what you will add to the grounds. School paper propose you've just assembled all the necessary archives and arranged to make it into school among the most incessant application article points. It is a scholarly spot so attempt to persuade the board that you are the opportune individual for them.</p> <h2>Lies You've Been Told About Creative College Essay Topics </h2> <p>Instead, focus on endeavoring to incorporate every one of the subtleties you can envision about your subject, which will make it less hard to pick what you should incorporate when you alter. Maybe you are hesitant to discover help since you were once conned by methods for a trick on-line help. All things considered, the arrangement isn't excessively evident here. </p> <p>For experimental writing papers, you need to discover something more than only an enormous enthusiasm for your point. One of indisputably the m ost problematic things recorded as a hard copy articles is concocting a phenomenal title. Keep perusing for additional tips on the most ideal approach to create an awesome school article, in any event, when you don't feel you have anything intriguing to expound on. Remember you may cause amusing pugnacious articles in the event that you to do a couple of things. </p> <h2> The Fight Against Creative College Essay Topics</h2> <p>An phenomenal school article can occur on a terrific stage. be that as it may, it can similarly as viably happen in regular daily existence. Disclose to us a subject which you've changed your head on over the most recent three decades. On the off chance that quality work is all you need, you should consider allowing us a chance to tail you and offer you with school article assist that with willing give you esteem for every penny you pay. You have the absolute best understanding or accomplishment in your life preceding heading off to col lege. </p>

Research Essay For Modernism Postmodernism Example

Research Essay For Modernism Postmodernism Example Research Essay For Modernism Postmodernism â€" Essay Example > PostmodernismStudent’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course Code Name: Date of Submission: PostmodernismPostmodernism is a theory in art and architecture which has came about so as to solve the problems which were associated with the former modernism theory. Postmodernism deviates from the values of modernism (Milavanovic, 1995, p. 2). In architecture, post modernism is said to be the agent of kindling wits, reference and ornaments, hence the glamour, meaning and sustainability associated with postmodern art work (Vermuelen, Akker, 2010, p. 3). Robert venture is a famous postmodern architect whose works have continued to evolve a lot of interest up to date. Bruce Nauman is also a famous postmodern artist whose sculpture, video, neon, performance, photography and drawing works have earned him recognition globally. The works of the two artistes are relevant to postmodernism since they exhibit the characteristics of postmodernism. Postmodernism is associated with the following chara cteristics; appropriation, humour/playfulness, deconstruction, simulacra, self-reflexivity, eclecticism/pluralism, intertextuality and the fusion of high art work and low art work. Nauman’s works are characterized by humour, playfulness, irony and parody. On the other hand, Venturi’s works are characterized by pluralism, humour and deconstruction. The following paper compares the works of the two postmodern artistes, Robert Venturi and Bruce Nauman, with respect to the pluralism and humour associated with their works respectively. Robert Venturi is an architect who has been dubbed as the founder of postmodernism. Venturi was one of the architects who deviated from Modernist architecture in the 1950’s and assimilated aspects of postmodernism in his architectural designs (Kirby, 2006, p. 1). His design of the Guild House, Philadelphia in 1950 gave the architectural world a feeling of what postmodernism could offer. Figure 1. Guild House (Guild House, 2012, p. 1) As indicated ea rlier, postmodernism in architecture brought with it wits, ornament and reference which were associated with ancient architecture. As opposed to the modernism architecture, postmodernism architecture made vast use of symbols, aesthetics, meaning, hidden structure among others. In fact, there was no limit to what an architect could design since the limit was only determined by his creativity, imagination and his/her ability to explain his/her actions scientifically hence being able to give meaning (Kahl, 2008, p. 55). For this reason, postmodernism gave birth to pluralism/ eclecticism which uphold the fact that there is no universal/ definite/ formal way of coming up with architectural designs, the complexity and form of the design only lays in the hand and mind of the architect. Being a strong believer of postmodernism, Robert Venturi gave a magnificent touch of pluralism in his works. Starting with the Guild House, Venturi deviated from the modernist approach of designing blocks for residential houses, instead of it; Venturi came up with a magnificent building which integrated aesthetics on its look, glass art on its windows and meaning in its form. Pluralism upholds the deviation from the formalized way of coming up with architectural designs. For this reason, Robert Venturi once said that ‘Great architects should not be graded according to the consistency of their works but by the quality of their work’. This further affirmed his stand of deviating from the formalized architectural practices for instance formalized shapes, designs and materials. This is implicated in all his works.

‘’the Experience of the Great War Stripped Men of Their...

‘’The experience of the Great War stripped men of their masculinity’’explore the ways in which Barker, Sassoon and Owen portray this in their writing. Sassoon and Owen as poets and Barker as a novelist, explore through their works of literature the changing and challenging notions of masculinity experienced as a result of The Great War. Furthermore, all three writers suggest that the often overlooked reality of the conflict was the creation of a subversion of the stereotypical ‘heroic soldier’. Replacing this image through their work, with that of the truth, we see an exploration of the emasculated and dehumanised shell that many men truly became as a result of what they experienced in service. This extends throughout their texts, to†¦show more content†¦Both the scenario explored here by Barker and the closure of Owen’s Disabled with demeaning rhetorical questions ‘And put him into bed? Why dont they come?’ demonstrate a crisis in masculinity and helplessness. However it could be suggested that although society overlooks what is hard to face in Disabled, the reader of Regeneration is expos ed to worse sense of emasculation with the feeling of inadequacy and distance the patients of Craighlockhart experience only being enhanced by their treatment by women. Barker equally uses imagery to evoke emotion focusing closely on his post-war appearance, describing his forearms ‘the groove between radius and ulna was even deeper than a week ago’, not only suggesting that Burns is physically becoming weaker, but also mirroring the ever increased detachment from the man he felt he was- turning into the ‘thin yellow skinned man’ The Great war has forced him to become. Thus we start to realise that this emasculation extends beyond the concept that many men no longer felt physically male in the way they did before the Great War, but largely protracts to the idea they felt they could no longer speak out as a male and their treatment within a society that still strived on pre-war notions of masculine behaviour

The Battle Of The Somme And Waterloo - 1488 Words

Sarah Cooper HIST 101-001 830538724 In â€Å"The Face of Battle,† John Keegan analyzed the experiences of the individuals involved in the battles of the Somme and Waterloo; he thoroughly examined the advancements of industrialization in warfare and battle strategy between 1815 and 1916. The industrialization of modern warfare during the battle of the Somme, while progressive, was very much still in its experimental stages. While the inventions during this time period were later evolved into much more useful products, it seems as though the organized warfare in Waterloo was much more effective; the soldier’s mediocre training for the Somme was obvious in the chaotic events that occurred. While each battle was disastrous in their own ways, industrialization certainly improved means of warfare and the experience that the soldiers had. The warfare in Waterloo consisted primarily of rifles, swords, cavalry, and artillery; these weapons were most effective close range which resulted in the French and British being in close proximity to one another. With immense amounts of training, a variety of battle tactics and formations, the square was ultimately the most effective. However, despite being located a short distance away from the enemy, thick, black smoke obstructed the soldiers’ vision on both sides of the battlefield, creating a less than optimal battle conditions. Due to the lack of effectiveness of their weapons, success in Waterloo often depended on the experience of theShow MoreRelatedThe Face Of Battle : A Study Of Agincourt, Waterloo, And The Somme 872 Words   |  4 PagesFace of Battle: a study of Agincourt, Waterloo, and the Somme† Summary The book â€Å"The Face of Battle: a study of Agincourt, Waterloo, and the Somme† authored by John Keegan is a non-fiction resource dedicated to enlightening the reader concerning the history of the military with the emphasis being between the 1960s and 1970s. Keegan provides a more detailed and accurate representation of combat in three fundamental battles in British history, and these include Agincourt, Waterloo, and Somme. In additionRead More Book Review of The Face of Battle by John Keegan Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesTHE FACE OF BATTLE John Keegan, the author of â€Å"The Face of Battle† is allowing the reader to view different perspective of history, from the eyes of the soldier. Although by his own account, Keegan acknowledges, â€Å"I have never been in a battle. And I grow increasingly convinced that I have very little idea of what a battle can be like.† Keegan scorns historians for pointing the finger of failure after an evolution occurs and not examining the soldier’s point of view while the battle is transpiringRead MoreThe Face Of Battle By John Keegan880 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Keegan describes his book, The Face of Battle, as a personal attempt to catch a glimpse of the face of battle. This personal aspect that Keegan mentions is essential to his book and is excellently articulated, driving home his point. Keegan, who taught at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst for over 25 years, begins by acknowledging his uneasiness with the fact that even though he taught British cadets military history, I have not been in a battle; not near one, nor heard one from afar, norRead MoreJohn Keegan, the Face of War801 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Keegan, The Face of War As Keegan notes how battle is considered - from the movement of platoons to grand imperial strategy - the true question behind this book appears: what happens to the soldier in war? I recommend the first chapter to anyone who is either planning to, or already pursuing, a career in history, because Keegan swiftly and surely examines the different methods, techniques and materials of military history, details which would normally fill a specialised text. This is oneRead MoreThe Day Canada Became a Nation Essay1963 Words   |  8 Pagesstalemate on the Western Front of the Battle of Vimy Ridge. It was â€Å"the Canadians willingness to forgo nationalism in the interests of efficiency and effectiveness that marked a new† (Dickson 40) transition of the ending of war. Through the second battle of Ypres, the Battle of Aras, and observing the previous bloodbath at the Battle of The Somme, the Canadian Expeditionary Force (C.E.F) perfected their defense tactics and techniques to fight in the evolutionary battle that made Canada a nation. Read MoreConvergence of Military Revolutions1409 Words   |  6 Pagesanticipation of the War and Doctrine failed. The military leaders who entered the war made faulty assumptions regarding the strength of the enemy armies and in that caused many avoidable casualties. The techniques of war were those that had been used at waterloo, with a single core commander leading the way. What they did not realize was that the World War would have the entire world as its battlefield and therefore failed to perform and plan accordingly. Among these was the decision by Douglas Haig (SheffieldRead MoreThe Allied Powers of the First World War2766 Words   |  11 Pagescommanders, experienced in fighting small colonial wars, had to quickly adapt to a very different set of circumstances. The end of War marked a decline in the respect of authority. Economical effects of massive casualties, during carnages like the Battle of the Somme (1916), became felt and evidences of Generals incompetence were brought to light (for example in 1927 publication of Lions Led by Donkeys: Showing how victory in the Great War was achieved by those who made the fewest mistakes by British CaptainRead MoreRemebering Vimy Essay2496 Words   |  10 Pagesto it, is that of Vimy Ridge. On April 9, 2007 over thirty-five hundred high school students from across Canada congregated at the newly restored Canadian National Vimy Memorial near Vimy, France. Their presence marked the 90th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge and commemorated Canadian soldiers who fought and died on Easter Monday 1917. A patriotic scene to behold, students dressed in replica World War I uniform shirts, proudly waving Canadian flags, spontaneously singing rousing renditions

Bennett And Maffesoli s Theory Of The Blurring Of...

A contemporary example which can be used to illustrate the point of Bennett and Maffesoli’s theory of the blurring of divisional lines, which makes subculture tricky to identify the ‘Fabulus of Unicorns’ (VICE 2015). The polyamorous group are arguably an appropriation of the ‘furries’ subculture, and the imagery has already been part of alternative culture and appropriated into mainstream festival wear for some time. They actively differentiate themselves from the ‘normals’ with fulltime use of glitter, multi coloured hair, animal print in a style reminiscent of the Cockettes (Weisman and Weber 2002) of late 1960s San Francisco, who also lived in a polyamorous commune and used white middle class privilege to facilitate a lifestyle of†¦show more content†¦These scholars theorize deviant behaviour using medical concepts. â€Å"(Blackman 2014: 499). Perhaps the rejection of the term is to shed the negative connotations previously associated with subculture, as an aggressive and disruptive force within society. Which raises the interesting point, off subculture being difficult to clearly identify in relation to the mainstream, once the disruptive element has been pacified and also because of the reinvention of existing culture. The idea that culture has stagnated due to nostalgia, explains why it is difficult for some social and cultural commentators to recognise emerging contemporary subcultures. Petridis (2014) and Moss (2015) both say it is impossible to tell someone’s identity by clothing and there have been no recent new subcultures. Petridis does discuss Haul Girls and Seapunks, but addresses the similarities between Haul Girls and Mods, and likens Seapunks to 1990s Grunge. So, it is not that subculture is no longer a relevant term, but that these contemporary subcultures are a revitalisation of what has gone before, and pose little challenge to society because of their familiarity. However, the binary of Haul Girls and Seapunks still

Market Entry Strategy Of UniCredit Group †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Market Entry Strategy Of UniCredit Group. Answer: Introduction UniCredit is an internationally acclaimed financial institution which has its operations in 22 major European countries. This financial institution has its strategic position in Eastern and Western Europe and thus the company has largest market share. The operations of UniCredit group is found in Ukraine, Turkey, Slovenia, Serbia, Russia, Romania, Poland, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary, Germany, Estonia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Bulgaria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Azerbaijan, Austria. The origin of this group dates back to the establishment of an institution in the year 1473, called Rolo Banca. Several specialized business divisions are present in UniCredit Group. This includes investment banking and Corporate Banking division, private banking, families and SME banking. The group also has a CEE division that emphasizes on operations in 19 Central and Eastern Europe countries. Presently the chairman of the group is Giuseppe Vita and the CEO is Federico Ghizzoni (Unicredi tGroup.eu 2018). This study is based on the assignment 1 and 2 which emphasizes on the early market entry strategy, merger of HVB Group and the UniCredit Group and the strategies taken up by these groups. Benefits and drawbacks of the first mover market entry strategy in comparison to the follower or late market entry strategy. First mover can be described as a competitive a business receives when it first tries to capture the market and brings a service or product in to the market before any other competitor does. Thus being the first in a market specifically increases the brand recognition and the loyalty of the customers before the other market competitors that are entering the market later. Another important benefit that a certain first mover company receives is the ample amount of time to improve the service and the product (Boldrin and Levine 2013). The advantages of a company being the first mover are as follows: the company gains the benefit of establishing its product as an industry standard; a long lasting impression is created by the company along with the strong brand image that give boost to the brand image; coming first in to a market provide strategic advantage with respect to the hiring skilled employees, contracts with the vital suppliers, location benefits and resource control; other advantages include less cost of attached to the new product launches in comparison to the new entrants (Vecchiato 2015). The other benefits include: Technology leadership- the first movers get an opportunity to make technology used in the product harder to replicate or copy. The first mover company for example can reduce the cost of the product which will be hard for the late movers to follow. This effectively increases the first mover company to establish an advantageous position in terms of product costs. The other way includes securin g the new products with patents by the first movers; Control of resources- the second benefits arises from the strategic control of resources; Buyer-switching costs- this is an exclusive benefit of the first movers, and the late movers pay a hefty price in order to make the reluctant customers choose their products (Markides and Sosa 2013). Drawbacks of being the First Mover- Although there are several advantages for being a first mover, however there are certain drawbacks that do not guarantee advantage: The first movers have to make additional arrangements in order to persuade the customers to try a new product. Whereas, for the late movers it is easy to establish the business on the lines of the previous entrant because the customers are already informed about a specific product (Loschelder et al. 2014). The late movers make cautious decisions and try to avoid the mistakes made by the first mover. The late movers make use of the opportunity of capturing the market where the first mover has failed to capture the customer attention. There is always a chance of making better products through the reverse engineering. This option is truly lacked by the first movers. The late movers can take the advantage of improving on the sections and areas where the first mover entirely overlooked (Loschelder et al. 2014). There are several examples of companies that were not the first movers and still are now considered to be market leaders: Google- before google came there were previous entrants like Infoseek and Yahoo. However, Google improved their search engine and effectively and Google now control 65% of the search in search engines; Southwest Airlines- this airline was a late mover in to the airline sector, still this company expanded fast and now they are the second largest airlines in the world (van Loon 2012). Retail banking and its entry timing in to a foreign market as a first entrant in a foreign country There are factors that play a major role in deciding the timing of a retail banking entry in to a foreign country. The several factors are listed as below: The capabilities of a firm is decided by its competencies, what areas it is good at and what it does better than the other market rivals. Thus, for a banking company to become have all the better qualities than all its rivals takes time to build. Banks begin to earn a large margin of profit only after a certain period of time, and that too the profit is based on the number of customers it serves. Gaining popularity and faith of the customers as a reliable requires a lot of time. Thus, when a company decides to expand its branches into the foreign countries, its own capabilities must be at a peak position. This timing of foreign market entry comes only after it has gain ample confidence and success in its base country (Kotha, Zheng and George 2011). Characteristics of the host country in to the retail banking firm will enter plays an important role. These characteristics include the market economy size, technological sophistication, industrial market structure. The host country must promote the options of foreign direct investment (FDI) so that foreign institutions can easily enter the foreign market without any hurdles. The timing here also plays a crucial role, the environment within the country that promotes a favorable foreign investment will attract the institutions like retail banks to enter in to a foreign country. Timing of such expansion is vital as it leads to an increase in higher profits by the banking entities. The other vital characteristics that are also important include institutional environment, political stability, taxation policies, price of the natural resources, employment and wage laws. All these factors influence business environment to a large extent and thus the decision of a retail banking entity to en ter in to a foreign country will largely include the an assessment of these factors (Nielsen and Nielsen 2011). Competition is a vital aspect of any business entity that wants to survive and competence with all the rivals in the same market environment. Entering in a foreign market also included a crucial assessment of the presence of the market competition in that country. The presence of the level of competition in foreign country will deter most of the companies to expand their branches. However, if that same country lack the market competition, then it will be easy for a new entrant to open a new branch and introduce new products that will attract the more customers. Economic factors are the sole promoters that push a foreign business entity or a retail banking firm to invest in to a foreign country. If a country provides ample opportunities through its economic services, then the likeliness of investment by the retail banking firms will increase. This again depends on the timing of the economic condition of a country, if a country is willing to open its domestic market for the foreign direct investment. Then, such opportunities can be directly linked with the timing of market entry (Goldfarb and Xiao 2011). Geographic proximity and whether it contributes to the success of market entry Geographical proximity play a positive role in contributing to the success of market entry because close proximity helps in easy conduct and management of the whole business process. The increased availability of the geographic information related to the consumers provides an added advantage and scope for the companies to use such information for the purpose of marketing. It is known fact that the social influences are greater when there is a close geographical proximity. The lack of the social network data implies that the influence of the consumers that are in geographically in close proximity can be effectively distinguished from the social proximity. The geographical and the social proximity are much related concepts and thus for this reason the geographic proximity data can be used effectively when the social proximity is absent. Thus expansion of the business and companies to the regions that are in close proximity can lead to increased compatibility between the people (Meyners et al. 2017). It is seen that due to societal, cultural and legal differences the foreign market which is located geographically close often seem to psychologically distant. The two major issues related to the psychological difference are: it is easier for the firms to enter foreign markets when there exists a close psychological proximity; the perception of psychological differences is sometimes based on the false perceptions rather than realistic belief. Expanding in to countries that are in geographically close proximity helps in reducing the complexities that arise due to the societal and the cultural differences. This makes the management of the operation similar to the management operation in the home country. Considering the case of the UniCredit Group, the company expanded in to the neighboring European countries which was under the same economic group and had similar less cultural and societal differences (Thornton, Ribeiro-Soriano and Urbano 2011). Expanding in to the neighboring country which is geographically in close proximity can be effective to a large extent. The effectiveness can be related to the understanding at the governmental level. Countries that are in close proximity often undergo in to promoting business environment that influences each others market. Due to the increased effect of the globalization, the market economies are open and thus countries often prefer to have foreign direct investment from the foreign institutions. Countries often open their market to increase their annual gross domestic product (GDP) from the foreign institutions that operate in a country. Countries often make special economic zones for the foreign entities and exempt them from the paying extra taxes and labor laws also are also made flexible for these foreign entities. When the neighboring governments are stable, it has a positive impact on all the governments that are geographically in close proximity. Stable governments promote a h ealthy growth environment for the domestic as well as the international players. Thus stable governments create opportunities for business and firm expansion which are otherwise detrimental (Autio and Fu 2015). Firms increasingly depend on the knowledge sourced from the other funds in order to enrich their own capabilities and knowledge base. Thus, engaging into merging and collaborations increases the potentiality of accruing knowledge, which otherwise would not have been possible. More demanding customers, shorter life cycle of the products and the ever-increasing global competitions have made the firms realize that working or collaborating with the others can effectively solve their problem. These mergers and the collaborations effectively make the business entities and firms resilient to the rapid changes occurring in the domestic and the global market. Firms and the institutions frequently undergo collaborations for the purpose of having advantages from the other market rivals and competitors. Collaborations that occur are based on the reducing the time for the development of the innovations, gaining knowledge from the partners, resource and risk sharing, increase the diversified knowl edge base. Inter firm mergers and collaboration are found to occur frequently between the companies that are geographically located in close proximity. The proximity can be broken down to two major types: non-spatial proximity and geographical proximity. The non-spatial proximity includes the organizational proximity, cognitive, technological, social, cultural and institutional proximity. The merger or collaboration generally occur between organizations are entirely based on the technology acquisition, knowledge transfer and knowledge sharing. These are often the primary goals of any merger of collaboration. According to some authors, the degree of geographical proximity is described as the geographical distance between two entities (Berchicci, King and Tucci 2011). Thus, it is seen that geographical proximity is playing a major role in defining the success in relation to the market entry. Knowledge sharing and knowledge acquisition are the sole criteria that pushes firms to enter in to foreign markets that are geographically located in close proximity. It is often seen that when companies want to expand in to the neighboring countries, they often choose to move in to a joint venture or from a collaboration. These collaborations or joint ventures arise between business entities that belong from the same industry (Chetty and Michailova 2011). For example, if a bank wants to expand its branches in to the neighboring country, it will look to form a collaboration with a company which is also a financial institution or a bank. The same is true for the automobile firms. If a foreign company wants to launch it automobiles in to different country which previously do not have any manufacturing base, then it forms joint ventures with the domestic company of that country. Such collaboration are solely based on the technology transfer and also introduction of the product which would otherwise have costed more capital to set up its own manufacturing plant (Killing 2012). Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, UniCredit and HVB Group were leading banking institutions before the merger took place. After the merger in the year 2005 the company even soared to new heights made the UniCredit Group one of the best financial institutions in Europe. The study also focusses on the benefits arising from being first mover in to any market. Although there are certain benefits associated with first moving, there are certain drawbacks that tend to help the later movers tremendously. References Autio, E. and Fu, K., 2015. Economic and political institutions and entry into formal and informal entrepreneurship. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 32(1), pp.67-94. Berchicci, L., King, A. and Tucci, C.L., 2011. Does the apple always fall close to the tree? The geographical proximity choice of spin?outs. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 5(2), pp.120-136. Boldrin, M. and Levine, D.K., 2013. The case against patents. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(1), pp.3-22. Chetty, S. and Michailova, S., 2011. Geographical proximity and inter-firm collaboration: The role of knowledge access and knowledge acquisition. Journal of General Management, 36(4), pp.71-87. Goldfarb, A. and Xiao, M., 2011. Who thinks about the competition? Managerial ability and strategic entry in US local telephone markets. American Economic Review, 101(7), pp.3130-61. Killing, P., 2012. Strategies for joint venture success (RLE international business) (Vol. 22). Routledge. Kotha, R., Zheng, Y. and George, G., 2011. Entry into new niches: the effects of firm age and the expansion of technological capabilities on innovative output and impact. Strategic Management Journal, 32(9), pp.1011-1024. Loschelder, D.D., Swaab, R.I., Trtschel, R. and Galinsky, A.D., 2014. The First-Mover Dis advantage: The Folly of Revealing Compatible Preferences. Psychological science, 25(4), pp.954-962. Markides, C. and Sosa, L., 2013. Pioneering and first mover advantages: the importance of business models. Long Range Planning, 46(4-5), pp.325-334. Meyners, J., Barrot, C., Becker, J.U. and Goldenberg, J., 2017. The Role of Mere Closeness: How Geographic Proximity Affects Social Influence. Journal of Marketing, 81(5), pp.49-66. Nielsen, B.B. and Nielsen, S., 2011. The role of top management team international orientation in international strategic decision-making: The choice of foreign entry mode. Journal of World Business, 46(2), pp.185-193. Thornton, P.H., Ribeiro-Soriano, D. and Urbano, D., 2011. Socio-cultural factors and entrepreneurial activity: An overview. International small business journal, 29(2), pp.105-118. UnicreditGroup.eu, 2018. EN. [online] UnicreditGroup.eu. Available at: https://www.unicreditgroup.eu/en.html [Accessed 18 Feb. 2018]. van Loon, S., 2012. The Power of Google: First Mover Advantage or Abuse of a Dominant Position?. In Google and the Law (pp. 9-36). TMC Asser Press. Vecchiato, R., 2015. Creating value through foresight: First mover advantages and strategic agility. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 101, pp.25-36.

International Trade as a Significant Issue in International Political Economy

Introduction There are a number of economic issues which have to be evaluated by different scientists and philosophers in order to identify how it is possible to improve living conditions as well as introduce the most effective steps in the chosen field.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on International Trade as a Significant Issue in International Political Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The idea of international relations is widely spread nowadays and provides the representatives of various countries with the possibilities to define their skills and promote services through the whole world. International trade is one of the main components under which international relations may be based. There are many writers who share their knowledge and ideas about the development of international relations, and each author achieves good results in the chosen activities. In this paper, two different books will be analyzed in order to define weak and strong sides of international politics of trade and comprehend what may influence the trade process in different countries. The Politics of International Economic Relations is the book by Joan E. Spero and Jeffrey A. Hart about the peculiarities of the politics in current world economy. With the help of this book, it is possible to understand how globalization promotes international relations and how developing nations may achieve the desirable success. Another book chosen for evaluation is written by Syed J. Maswood. International Political Economy and Globalization is the source of information about different trade issues and financial stability that is crucially important for different nations. International trade is the way of how nations have to exchange different services, goods, and products. In order to select the right and, what is more important, effective way, it is necessary to have appropriate theoretical background and access to cu rrent changes and existed demands. International trade is a complex issue in political economy that requires certain attention and evaluation: there are many historical events which influence the development of this industry like World War II and Great Depression, however, the appropriate promotion of the WTO and the GATT has a number of positive aspects which are properly discussed by Maswood, Spero, and Hart. International Political Economy as a Discipline to Analyze the Relations between Countries International political economy, also known as IPE, appeared not long time ago. During the 1970s, there was a need of investigations among the existed economic foundations in order to comprehend the reasons of world oil crisis in 1973 and breakdown of one of the most popular monetary order known as the Bretton Woods system according to which monetary relations with different nations could be developed.Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we ca n help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the Bretton Woods system was not perfect and could not cope with a number of problems which challenged the vast majority of European countries (Spero and Hart 15), this is why businessmen as well as philosophers and researchers found it very important to promote the discipline the purpose of which would be the evaluation of current economic conditions and identification of political, legal, and even philosophical factors. The relations between countries may be properly developed only in case all members are aware of special standards and ready to meet the demands and perform the functions set. Maswood calls international trade as the â€Å"source of dynamism and development† (21) that is characterized by a number of benefits and alternatives. The presence of alternatives makes this exchange of goods dependent on various outside factors like globalization, political conditions, and legal implementations . In case one country undergoes some challenges and problems in the above-mentioned spheres, international trade could not be supported any more until appropriate solutions are found. And the discipline called international political economy aims at studying international relations taking into consideration such aspects of political economy like buying and selling in terms of law, government, custom, and so on. Maswood’s achievements as well as Spero and Hart cooperation contributes considerably the field of international economic relations One of the most successful attempts to evaluate international economic relations is made by Spero and Hart. Within a short period of time, international political economy has become a prominent field within the frames of which problems connected to a dollar or other currencies and challenges with international trade are discussed. Economic growth based on technological innovations promotes fast development of international trade. Trade pol icy is the question evaluated by domestic politics constantly, this is why it usually â€Å"determined prosperity or adversity† and considered to be the â€Å"subject of frequent and often highly charged domestic political conflict† (Spero and Hart 72). To find the most effective way to solve the conflicts, professionals offer a number of rules and regulations which have to be imposed on international traded and decrease the level of controversies appeared day by day. The process of international trade lies into the fact that goods are transported across several boundaries and have to be bartered. One of the most successful examples of international trade line is the Silk Road that is supported by the European and Asian representatives. Information offered in the other source by Maswood helps to comprehend how international trade has been developed through times and which improvements have been implemented. In fact, international trade has been regulated by bilateral t reaties between the nations which were going to exchange the goods or services.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on International Trade as a Significant Issue in International Political Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to some uncertainties or inabilities inherent to mercantilists, the vast majority of nations restricted the development of international trade or set too high tariffs. â€Å"Mercantilists viewed international trade as a zero-sum activity and, consequently, emphasized the importance of trade controls to benefit the national economy† (Maswood 21). Fortunately, at the beginning of the 19th century, the representatives of British government made a decision to support the idea of international trade and, as a result, the agricultural Britain turned out to be the industrial country with a variety of opportunities. This growth in the sphere of manufacturing promoted many new possibili ties which lead to the fact that â€Å"consumption of manufactured goods had high income elasticity† (Maswood 23). In other words, the ideas offered by the authors under consideration have a number of common ideas as well as differences which supplement each other: if Spero and Hart focus on past achievements and factors which predetermine the current situation in international trade, Maswood, in his turn, evaluates the achievements of modern political economy in different countries. The key country of Spero and Hart is the United States of America with their rich history and achievements, and Maswood writes more about Great Britain and its primary steps on the field of international trade. Current Changes on Political Arena That Influence International Relations and International Trade Political, economic, and social factors define the way of how different countries may promote the idea of international trade as a significant part of business. Still, there were many historic al events which deprived tradesmen of the opportunities to develop relations and create appropriate conditions for their activities. The World War II provided the United States of America with a chance to ask its allies commitments for freeing of international trade that served as a basis for â€Å"a postwar international commercial order† (Spero and Hart 73). This is why nowadays, the Unites States of America is the country with properly developed trade system and clearly defined partners. This sphere of business helps to meet the needs of citizens as well as share services and goods with other countries. The USA took a significant leadership role with such countries like Japan, France, Russia, and some more European countries.Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In spite of the fact that nowadays European countries and Japan demonstrated successful achievements in international trade and the results of American trade system decrease considerably, Americans still perform the functions of the leaders and do not find it necessary to lose their positions. Due to the US firms which dominate in the computing industry (Spero and Hart 111), American tradesmen are able to evaluate various spheres of life and define the demands of citizens in regard to their interests. Maswood’s book helps to identify the most crucial steps in the development of international trade and attempts of different countries to dictate their own conditions and rules. Various improvements have been observed in the first half of the 20th century: Italy increased tariffs for the representatives from France and the United States of America in the middle of 1930; Canada wanted to take as much as possible from its American neighbours in 1930; and Australia did not different iate countries but increased general tariffs at the beginning of the 1930 (Maswood 26). The results of such changes made some countries reject some partnerships, and some countries got a chance to earn a lot. In 2005, it was stated that the value of world merchandise trade was about $1,2 trillion. These achievements are rather promising, this is why the vast majority of restrictions in the past are justified by the author. World Trade Organization as an Attempt to Liberalize International Trade For each country, it was crucially important to establish the rules and standards which could be optimal for all members of international trade, still, numerous attempts were not as successful as they expected to be. Maswood defines a World Trade Organization as â€Å"an important step toward minimizing the de-liberalization of international trade† (43). The ideas offered by Spero and Hart are similar to those offered by Maswood, still, these authors admit that such international organ ization should help to supervise trade between the participating countries. In fact, the role of World Trade Organization is huge indeed; after it replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, also known as the GATT, in 1995, the conditions under which countries had to exchange services and goods improved considerably. On the one hand, this organization is responsible for negotiations and formulations of trade agreements between different countries taking into consideration the demands and requirements of all sides on new bases. On the other hand, in both books, it is admitted that the conditions of WTO agreements and work focus on derive from past agreements offered by UR (Uruguay Round) and the GATT. This is why in order to comprehend how the WTO may work and what conditions are considered, it is better to evaluate past achievements in the chosen sphere, evaluate each organization separately, and compare the WTO with them. Spero and Hart identify three organizations as â₠¬Å"cornerstones of international economic governance† (2). They are the World Bank that was created to facilitate the process of recovery after the war, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that clearly defined the functions of international trade and tradesmen, and the GATT that aimed at establishing the principles for multilateral traffic negotiations. In comparison to Maswood who define the last organization the most favourable and effective means to promote international trade, Spero and Hart seem to be more passionate with the World Bank and the possibilities offered. Actually, the World Bank supported only developing countries so that they could have leveraged loans and use them for capital programs. The main purpose of the World Bank was always to reduce the level of poverty and help all countries achieve the same success. However, the existed inequality is one of the key promoters of trade: those who do not have something have to do something in order to earn and reac h the desirable goal. And those countries that are rich in some particular production can sale good and services and increase incomes. In its turn, the International Monetary Fund set the purpose to stabilize international exchange rates and encourage liberalising economic policies by means of enforcement. So, it may be observed that all trade organizations had the same purpose – to improve the conditions of international trade; still, the methods differed considerably, this is why it was obligatory to implement one system that could meet the needs of both developed and developing counties because of personal desire. In the books under analysis, the authors underline how successful and well-timed the World Trade Organization was at the first day of 1995. International trade would be incomplete without the conditions offered by the World Trade Organization. The point is that the WTO does not predict possible outcomes of the activities; but what the organization decides to do i s to formulate a number of principles in accordance with which trading countries have to work. One of the most effective principles is the idea of non-discrimination. It means that each country has the right to develop the relations with other countries on the same basics. There is no need to identify one country that deserves special attention and tariffs, and another country due to its low financial position should undergo different trading conditions. This is why all WTO members have the same rights, possibilities to be improved and developed. The same attitude is observed with the services and goods which are sold. Import production should be treated the same way domestic products are treated: all technical and security standards should be met in accordance with the requirements mentioned in the agreement. Globalization as a Significant Factor in International Trade The issue of globalization is considered to be an important aspect to take care of. For example, it is stated that globalization is the main reason of why more markets for goods and services have to be open, why multiple distribution should be provided by all businessmen, and why global markets need to be available 24/7 (Spero and Hart 8). Of course, technological progress supports the process of globalization, still, it is not always possible for all people to get used to the new improvements and innovations. The vast majority of developing countries admit that globalization is the process that creates a number of disadvantages: the examples are numerous labour mobility challenges and investment capital that is repatriated by workers. In spite of the fact that governments try to assist the workers to adapt to a globalizing economy by means of retraining or special education, this support is always enough for the required professional level. Another aspect of globalization in countries which are not adapted for innovations is constantly increasing losses: people have to pay more money to get an idea on how to overcome globalization and comprehend the demands which are set by time and fashion. This is why to meet the conditions introduced by the WTO and be a worthwhile trading member, it is very important to get an appropriate level of knowledge, find financial support, and evaluate the conditions under which trade may be developed. Improvements in the Field of International Trade In the current world, there are many aspects which have to be reformatted and improved considerably, and one of them is international trade. Taking into consideration that there are a number of rules and policies which have to evaluated by all tradesmen, it is very important to formulate them so that each member of international trade is satisfied. Nowadays, there are many methods of how international trade may be organized, this is why it seems to be not that difficult to decide on the steps which should be chosen. First, controversies around the World Trade Organization should be solved. It is said that the WTO that is based on democratic principles offered by the GATT does not introduce itself as a pure democratic organization that tries to meet the interests of all member countries. What is more important, the WTO is now recognized as the instigator of the trade that is managed by corporations. Public interest is not taken into account, however, enough attention is paid to large organizations which have money and want to have more. This is why nowadays, the WTO has more opponents as all those workers and consumers who were waiting for some help and support became upset with the conditions they have to work under. There are many debates on how it is possible to improve the situation and return a true essence of the WTO and its possibilities. The authors of the books under analysis suggest the government to take control over the activities and evaluate the public opinion with the help of which international trade continues developing and improving. It is necessary to reme mber that international trade is based on ordinary people who create production, provide services, and perform the role of contributors. This is why it is wrong to neglect their opinions and demands just in order to earn money and take leading positions in some particular sphere. Conclusion The two books chosen for the analysis in this paper are considered to be interesting and educative sources. With the help of Maswood’s International Political Economy and Globalization, the reader is able to understand how different countries promote international trade and achieve appropriate results in their activities. Attention to the process of globalization makes the reader comprehend how challenging innovations could be for ordinary people as well as for professional tradesmen. Spero and Hart introduce another powerful source called The Politics of International Economic Relations that supplements the ideas offered by the previous writer. International relations are complex, and the re are many objectives which should be considered to understand a true nature of international trade. This is why it seems to be rather effective to evaluate the past of political economy and international trade in particular and define how it is possible to improve the present and future conditions. Works Cited Maswood, Syed, J. International Political Economy and Globalization. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific, 2008. Spero, Joan, E. and Hart, Jeffrey, A. The Politics of International Economic Relations. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2009. This term paper on International Trade as a Significant Issue in International Political Economy was written and submitted by user Terrance Fleming to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Proper Language and Sentence Structure for Academic Writing by Lauren Gartner

Proper Language and Sentence Structure for Academic Writing Proper Language and Sentence Structure for Academic Writing Academic writing is the form of writing that students and others in the world of academia use to communicate their knowledge and informed opinions on a variety of subjects. Academic writing is by definition objective, evidence based, accurate, and written from an impersonal point of view. Notes about the Academic Writing Style The style that you will use to write academic papers is much different than the style that you would use for personal or business communication. For example, when writing in an academic setting, you would never use contractions. You would also never use slang, jargon, or colloquialisms. The rules of academic writing also require that you avoid filler words, vague words (thing, a lot, more), and phrases that can be replaced with one word. Sexist language should also be avoided. Use police officer instead of police man. Avoid using first person pronouns or gender based pronouns. Use they or their instead of he or she. Writing in the second person (you) is also expressly forbidden. Avoid using filler words. Having a good vocabulary will be beneficial to you, but big words will not impress simply because they are big words. Understanding The Conventions of Academic Writing Here are a few rules that may help you to understand what is expected of you when you write a research paper or essay: Your writing should be based on solid research Your goal when writing a research paper should be expressing what the evidence proves, not manipulating evidence to support your opinion Shorter words are often the better choice than longer words Paragraphs must always have a main idea sentence Your thesis should be clear Being concise is extremely important Your papers should have an introduction, a body, and a conclusion Help With Academic Writing Now that you better understand the characteristics of academic writing, let us discuss where you can get writing help both on and off campus. If your campus has a writing center, this is a great place to go and get help with academic writing assignments. The writing center will usually be staffed with assistant instructors or upperclassmen who are willing to volunteer their time to assist you. In some cases, your school's writing center will be internet based. In this case, you can log in to get information on various types of academic papers, rules of citation formats, and to see examples of various papers. If you need additional help, you may be able to find a tutor who can work with you one on one. A final option that many students use at least once are academic writing services. These are services that will write, edit, or proofread your academic papers for you. This is a very good option for students who are truly stuck on an assignment, and who are counting on getting a good gr ade. You can also use these services to help you to learn more about the proper structure and format of academic papers.

Why poverty should be more aware in schools Research Paper

Why poverty should be more aware in schools - Research Paper Example However, their impact varies from person to person. Sometimes people pass over this turmoil stricken stage with ease, but in some cases one observes juvenile delinquency. â€Å"In 1994, police reported about 500 violent youth crime arrests for every 100,000 10-17-olds in the population. Violent youth crime then fell sharply from 1994 through 2001, before rebounding somewhat through 2008.† (J.A. Butts par.4) There are several factors involved that trigger such impulsive behavior such as personal conflicts, competition, socio-economic issues. To minimize the probability of propagating juvenile delinquency among youth, it is important to provide them proper coaching, a healthy environment to develop and moral support. Studies show that children belonging to under privileged class are more prone to go astray, and get themselves involved in mischievous activities (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan 2000 p. 189). Therefore it may prove helpful to educate students about poverty and make them understand the hardship that is faced by their school fellows who do not enjoy the same economic background. â€Å"In terms of achievement, the risk for poor relative to non-poor children is 2.0 times as high for grade repetition and dropping out of high school, and 1.4 times as high for having a learning disability. For other conditions and outcomes, these risk ratios are: 1.3 timesas high for parent-reported emotional or behavior problems, 3.1 times as high for a teenage out of wedlock birth, 6.8 times as high for reported cases of child abuse and neglect, and 2.2 times as high for experiencing violent crime.† (Duncan and Brooks-Gunn 2000 p. 189) The only place where poor children get a chance to mingle with their rich counterparts is public schools or at most a playground. Apart from that these children spend most of their time in a much stressed environment. Poverty may not be a curse, but it is enriched in capacity to give birth to social evils. It is a driving force that

Research & Analysis Study of Balfour Beatty plc Business and Essay

Research & Analysis Study of Balfour Beatty plc Business and Competitive Environment - Essay Example The company made good progress in the building sector in 2006. Heery, a leading architectural, engineering and programme management business, represents Balfour Beatty's business interests in USA. Balfour Beatty's Civil and Specialist Engineering and Services division, with revenues of 1,920m and 10,455 employees, specializes in engineering, design and management services provider in civil, transport, energy and water sectors in UK, USA, Hong Kong and Middle East. It has a leading market presence in specialised engineering services like overhead transmission lines, gas and water utility contracting and in road management and maintenance resulting in profit from operations tripled to 49m in 2005. The company with strong orders and a number of large contracts under their belt gained growth momentum in 2006 in the engineering sector. Balfour Beatty's Rail Engineering and Services division, with revenues of 766m and 5,922 employees, specializes in designing, constructing, equipping, maintaining and renewal of rail assets and systems in UK, USA, Germany, Italy and Portugal. The profit from operations in these services fell by 27% to 32m in 2005. This was a result of full year without maintenance and tighter market in UK and some losses in the US. 2006 saw some progress due to increase in efficiency and improving project volume in London Underground, Germany and Italy. Balfour Beatty Rail Inc has been restructured into a single organisation, headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, USA. The organisation has shown substantial growth in recent years with strategic acquisitions in the US and Germany. Balfour Beatty's Investments and Developments division, with revenues of 465m and only 136 employees promotes, manages and invests in privately funded infrastructure projects and developments in selected sectors in the UK and overseas, through its operating company Balfour Beatty Capital, established in 1997. Balfour Beatty's is currently conducting PPP/PFI projects in two principal sectors such as infrastructure (comprising transportation, power and waste water treatment) and accommodation (including health and education). It showed 20m profit from operations in 2005. Balfour Beatty's Other Service Segments Balfour Beatty holds 20% share in the Metronet consortium, a 30-year PPP project responsible for upgrading and maintaining two thirds of London Underground's infrastructure like trains, stations, signalling, track, tunnels and bridges. Balfour Beatty also has four DBFO (design-build-finance-operate) road concessions. Balfour Beatty is provider of a range of Healthcare services to major UK hospital schemes in London, Edinburgh, Durham and Blackburn providing a total of over 2,500 beds. Through Consort Healthcare, Balfour Beatty is also appointed preferred bidder for 521m PPP contracts in Birmingham Acute and Adult Psychiatric Hospitals and 250m Pinderfields and Pontefract hospitals. Balfour Beatty operates the largest grouped schools scheme in England called the Transform Schools' Stoke concession covering 98 schools since 2000. The Rotherham Schools started in 2003, was awarded "Best Community Use Project" in 2005 in the PPP/PFI Journal Awards. The Transform scheme built and maintained 21

Introduction To Beats Frequency Philosophy Essay

Introduction To Beats Frequency Philosophy Essay The sound of a beat frequency or beat wave is a fluctuating volume caused when you add two sound waves of slightly different frequencies together. If the frequencies of the sound waves are close enough together, you can hear a relatively slow variation in the volume of the sound. A good example of this can be heard using two tuning forks that are a few frequencies apart. A sound wave can be represented as a sine waves, and you can add sine waves of different frequencies to get a graphical representation of the waveform. When the frequencies are close together, they are enclosed in a beat envelope that modulates the amplitude or loudness of the sound. The frequency of this beat is the absolute difference of the two original frequencies Examples and applications of beat frequencies:- A good demonstration of beat frequencies can be heard in the animation below. A pure sound of 330 Hz is combined with 331 Hz to give a rather slow beat frequency of 1 Hz or 1 fluctuation in amplitude per second. When the 330 Hz sound is combined with a 340 Hz sound, you can hear the more rapid fluctuation at 10 Hz. Another example of beats:- When you fly in a passenger plane, you may often hear a fluctuating droning sound. That is a beat frequency caused by engine vibrations at two close frequencies. Application of beats:- A piano tuner will strike a key and then compare the note with a tuning fork. If the piano is slightly out of tune, he will be able to hear the beat frequency and then adjust the piano wire until it is at the same frequency as the tuning fork. If the piano is severely out of tune, it makes the job more difficult, because the beat frequency may be too fast to readily hear. Adding sine waves :- Although sound is a compression wave that travels through matter, it is more convenient to illustrate the sound wave as a transverse wave, similar to how a guitar string vibrates or how a water wave appears. The shape of such a wave for a single frequency is called a sine wave. Its fig isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in fig:- Here Sine wave represents a single frequency of sound with constant amplitude When we add sound waves traveling in the same direction together, elements of the sine wave add or subtract, according to where they are in the waveform. we add the amplitude of each wave, point by point. Making a graphical representation of the sum of two waves can be done by hand, but that can be be tedious. Beat envelope:- If we add two waves of slightly different frequencies, the resulting amplitude will vary or oscillate at a rate that is the difference between the frequencies. That beat frequency will create a beat envelope around the original sine wave. In this figure beat envelope modulates the amplitude of the sound Since the frequencies of the two sounds are so close and we would hear a sound that is an average of the two. But we would also hear the modulation of the amplitude as a beat frequency, which is the difference between the initial frequencies. fb = | f1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ f2 | where fb is the beat frequency . f1 and f2 are the two sound frequency. | f1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ f2 | is the absolute value or positive (+) value of the difference . Examples:- For example, if we add a wave oscillating at 445 Hz with one that is at 450 Hz, the resulting frequency will be an average of the sum of the two waves. (445 Hz + 450 Hz)/2 = 447.5 Hz. This waveform is close to a sine wave, since the frequency are almost the same. The amplitude of volume of this combination will oscillate at the beat frequency of the difference between the two: (450 Hz 445 Hz) = 5 Hz. Now, if we add 440 Hz and 500 Hz notes, the resulting waveform will be a complex version of a sine wave and will sound like a fuzzy average of the two tones. The average frequency of this complex wave will be (440 Hz + 500 Hz)/2 = 470 Hz. Also, its beat frequency will be 60 Hz, which would sound like a very low-pitched hum instead of a fluctuating volume. When two sound waves of different frequency approach your ear, the alternating constructive and destructive interference causes the sound to be alternatively soft and loud a phenomenon which is called beatingor producing beats. The beat frequency is equal to the absolute value of the difference in frequency of the two waves. -:Applications of Beats:- -:Envelope of Beat Production:- Beats are caused by the interference of two waves at the same point in space. This plot of the variation of resultant amplitude with time shows the periodic increase and decrease for two sine waves. The image below is the beat pattern produced by a London police whistle, which uses two short pipes to produce a unique three-note sound. Sum and difference frequencies Interference and Beats:- Wave interference is the phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet while traveling along the same medium. The interference of waves causes the medium to take on a shape that results from the net effect of the two individual waves upon the particles of the medium. If two upward displaced pulses having the same shape meet up with one another while traveling in opposite directions along a medium, the medium will take on the shape of an upward displaced pulse with twice the amplitude of the two interfering pulses. This type of interference is known as constructive interference. If an upward displaced pulse and a downward displaced pulse having the same shape meet up with one another while traveling in opposite directions along a medium, the two pulses will cancel each others effect upon the displacement of the medium and the medium will assume the equilibrium position. This type of interference is known as destructive interference. The diagrams below show two waves one is blue and the other is red interfering in such a way to produce a resultant shape in a medium; the resultant is shown in green. In two cases (on the left and in the middle), constructive interference occurs and in the third case (on the far right, destructive interference occurs. But how can sound waves that do not possess upward and downward displacements interfere constructively and destructively? Sound is a pressure wave that consists of compressions and rarefactions. As a compression passes through a section of a medium, it tends to pull particles together into a small region of space, thus creating a high-pressure region. And as a rarefaction passes through a section of a medium, it tends to push particles apart, thus creating a low-pressure region. The interference of sound waves causes the particles of the medium to behave in a manner that reflects the net effect of the two individual waves upon the particles. For example, if a compression (high pressure) of one wave meets up with a compression (high pressure) of a second wave at the same location in the medium, then the net effect is that that particular location will experience an even greater pressure. This is a form of constructive interference. If two rarefactions (two low-pressure disturbances) f rom two different sound waves meet up at the same location, then the net effect is that that particular location will experience an even lower pressure. This is also an example of constructive interference. Now if a particular location along the medium repeatedly experiences the interference of two compressions followed up by the interference of two rarefactions, then the two sound waves will continually reinforce each other and produce a very loud sound. The loudness of the sound is the result of the particles at that location of the medium undergoing oscillations from very high to very low pressures. As mentioned in a previous unit, locations along the medium where constructive interference continually occurs are known as anti-nodes. The animation below shows two sound waves interfering constructively in order to produce very large oscillations in pressure at a variety of anti-nodal locations. Note that compressions are labeled with a C and rarefactions are labeled with an R. Now if two sound waves interfere at a given location in such a way that the compression of one wave meets up with the rarefaction of a second wave, destructive interference results. The net effect of a compression (which pushes particles together) and a rarefaction (which pulls particles apart) upon the particles in a given region of the medium is to not even cause a displacement of the particles. The tendency of the compression to push particles together is canceled by the tendency of the rarefactions to pull particles apart; the particles would remain at their rest position as though there wasnt even a disturbance passing through them. This is a form of destructive interference. Now if a particular location along the medium repeatedly experiences the interference of a compression and rarefaction followed up by the interference of a rarefaction and a compression, then the two sound waves will continually each other and no sound is heard. The absence of sound is the result of the par ticles remaining at rest and behaving as though there were no disturbance passing through it. Amazingly, in a situation such as this, two sound waves would combine to produce no sound. location along the medium where destructive interference continually occurs are known as nodes. Two Source Sound Interference:- A popular Physics demonstration involves the interference of two sound waves from two speakers. The speakers are set approximately 1-meter apart and produced identical tones. The two sound waves traveled through the air in front of the speakers, spreading our through the room in spherical fashion. A snapshot in time of the appearance of these waves is shown in the diagram below. In the diagram, the compressions of a wavefront are represented by a thick line and the rarefactions are represented by thin lines. These two waves interfere in such a manner as to produce locations of some loud sounds and other locations of no sound. Of course the loud sounds are heard at locations where compressions meet compressions or rarefactions meet rarefactions and the no sound locations appear wherever the compressions of one of the waves meet the rarefactions of the other wave. If we were to plug one ear and turn the other ear towards the place of the speakers and then slowly walk across the room pa rallel to the plane of the speakers, then you would encounter an amazing phenomenon. we would alternatively hear loud sounds as you approached anti-nodal locations and virtually no sound as you approached nodal locations. (As would commonly be observed, the nodal locations are not true nodal locations due to reflections of sound waves off the walls. These reflections tend to fill the entire room with reflected sound. Even though the sound waves that reach the nodal locations directly from the speakers destructively interfere, other waves reflecting off the walls tend to reach that same location to produce a pressure disturbance.) Destructive interference of sound waves becomes an important issue in the design of concert halls and auditoriums. The rooms must be designed in such as way as to reduce the amount of destructive interference. Interference can occur as the result of sound from two speakers meeting at the same location as well as the result of sound from a speaker meeting with sound reflected off the walls and ceilings. If the sound arrives at a given location such that compressions meet rarefactions, then destructive interference will occur resulting in a reduction in the loudness of the sound at that location. One means of reducing the severity of destructive interference is by the design of walls, ceilings, and baffles that serve to absorb sound rather than reflect it. The destructive interference of sound waves can also be used advantageously in noise reduction systems. Earphones have been produced that can be used by factory and construction workers to reduce the noise levels on their jobs. Such earphones capture sound from the environment and use computer technology to produce a second sound wave that one-half cycle out of phase. The combination of these two sound waves within the headset will result in destructive interference and thus reduce a workers exposure to loud noise. Musical Beats and Intervals:- Interference of sound waves has widespread applications in the world of music. Music seldom consists of sound waves of a single frequency played continuously. Few music enthusiasts would be impressed by an orchestra that played music consisting of the note with a pure tone played by all instruments in the orchestra. Hearing a sound wave of 256 Hz , would become rather monotonous (both literally and figuratively). Rather, instruments are known to produce overtones when played resulting in a sound that consists of a multiple of frequencies. Such instruments are described as being rich in tone color. And even the best choirs will earn their money when two singers sing two notes i.e., produce two sound waves that are an octave apart. Music is a mixture of sound waves that typically have whole number ratios between the frequencies associated with their notes. In fact, the major distinction between music and noise is that noise consists of a mixture of frequencies whose mathematical relati onship to one another is not readily discernible. On the other hand, music consists of a mixture of frequencies that have a clear mathematical relationship between them. While it may be true that one persons music is another persons noise (e.g., your music might be thought of by your parents as being noise), a physical analysis of musical sounds reveals a mixture of sound waves that are mathematically related. To demonstrate this nature of music, lets consider one of the simplest mixtures of two different sound waves two sound waves with a 2:1 frequency ratio. This combination of waves is known as an octave. A simple sinusoidal plot of the wave pattern for two such waves is shown below. Note that the red wave has two times the frequency of the blue wave. Also observe that the interference of these two waves produces a resultant (in green) that has a periodic and repeating pattern. One might say that two sound waves that have a clear whole number ratio between their frequencies interfere to produce a wave with a regular and repeating pattern. The result is music. Another easy example of two sound waves with a clear mathematical relationship between frequencies is shown below. Note that the red wave has three-halves the frequency of the blue wave. In the music world, such waves are said to be a fifth apart and represent a popular musical interval. Observe once more that the interference of these two waves produces a resultant (in green) that has a periodic and repeating pattern. It should be said again: two sound waves that have a clear whole number ratio between their frequencies interfere to produce a wave with a regular and repeating pattern; the result is music. Finally, the diagram below illustrates the wave pattern produced by two dissonant or displeasing sounds. The diagram shows two waves interfering, but this time there is no simple mathematical relationship between their frequencies (in computer terms, one has a wavelength of 37 and the other has a wavelength 20 pixels). We observe that the pattern of the resultant is neither periodic nor repeating (at least not in the short sample of time that is shown). It is clear: if two sound waves that have no simple mathematical relationship between their frequencies interfere to produce a wave, the result will be an irregular and non-repeating pattern. This tends to be displeasing to the ear. A final application of physics to the world of music pertains to the topic of beats. Beats are the periodic and repeating fluctuations heard in the intensity of a sound when two sound waves of very similar frequencies interfere with one another. The diagram below illustrates the wave interference pattern resulting from two waves (drawn in red and blue) with very similar frequencies. A beat pattern is characterized by a wave whose amplitude is changing at a regular rate. Observe that the beat pattern (drawn in green) repeatedly oscillates from zero amplitude to a large amplitude, back to zero amplitude throughout the pattern. Points of constructive interference (C.I.) and destructive interference (D.I.) are labeled on the diagram. When constructive interference occurs between two crests or two troughs, a loud sound is heard. This corresponds to a peak on the beat pattern (drawn in green). When destructive interference between a crest and a trough occurs, no sound is heard; this corres ponds to a point of no displacement on the beat pattern. Since there is a clear relationship between the amplitude and the loudness, this beat pattern would be consistent with a wave that varies in volume at a regular rate. The beat frequency refers to the rate at which the volume is heard to be oscillating from high to low volume. For exà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, if two complete cycles of high and low volumes are heard every second, the beat frequency is 2 Hz. The beat frequency is always equal to the difference in frequency of the two notes that interfere to produce the beats. So if two sound waves with frequencies of 256 Hz and 254 Hz are played simultaneously, a beat frequency of 2 Hz will be detected. A common physics demonstration involves producing beats using two tuning forks with very similar frequencies. If a tine on one of two identical tuning forks is wrapped with a rubber band, then that tuning forks frequency will be lowered. If both tuning forks are vibrated together, then they produce sounds with slightly different frequencies. These sounds will interfere to produce detectable beats. The human ear is capable of detecting beats with frequencies of 7 Hz and below. A piano tuner frequently utilizes the phenomenon of beats to tune a piano string. She will pluck the string and tap a tuning fork at the same time. If the two sound sources the piano string and the tuning fork produce detectable beats then their frequencies are not identical. She will then adjust the tension of the piano string and repeat the process the beats can no longer be heard. As the piano string becomes more in tune with the tuning fork, the beat frequency will be reduced and approach 0 Hz. When beats are no longer heard, the piano string is tuned to the tuning fork; that is, they play the same frequency. The process allows a piano tuner to match the strings frequency to the frequency of a standardized set of tuning forks. Important Note:- Many of the diagrams on this page represent a sound wave by a sine wave. Such a wave more closely resembles a transverse wave and may mislead people into thinking that sound is a transverse wave. Sound is not a transverse wave, but rather a longitudinal wave. Nonetheless, the variations in pressure with time take on the pattern of a sine wave and thus a sine wave is often used to represent the pressure-time features of a sound wave. Whenever two wave motions pass through a single region of a medium simultaneously, the motion of the particles in the medium will be the result of the combined disturbance due to the two waves. This effect of superposition of waves, is also known as interference. The interference of two waves with respect to space of two waves traveling in the same direction, has been described in previous section. The interference can also occur with respect to time (temporal interference) due to two waves of slightly different frequencies, travelling in the same direction. An observer will note a regular swelling and fading or waxing and waning of the sound resulting in a throbbing effect of sound called beats. Number of beats heard per second Qualitative treatment:- Suppose two tuning forks having frequencies 256 and 257 per second respectively, are sounded together. If at the beginning of a given second, they vibrate in the same phase so that the compressions (or rarefactions) of the corresponding waves reach the ear together, the sound will be reinforced . Half a second later, when one makes 128 and the other  128*1/2 vibrations, they are in opposite phase, i.e., the compression of one wave combines with the rarefaction of the other and tends to produce silence. At the end of one second, they are again be in the same phase and the sound is reinforced. By this time, one fork is ahead of the other by one vibration. Thus, in the resultant sound, the observer hears maximum sound at the interval of one second. Similarly, a minimum loudness is heard at an interval of one second. As we may consider a single beat to occupy the interval between two consecutive maxima or minima, the beat produced in one second in this case, is one in each second. If the two tuning forks had frequencies 256 and 258, a similar analysis would show that the number of beats will be two per second. Thus, in general, the number of beats heard per second will be equal to the difference in the frequencies of the two sound waves. Analytical treatment:- Consider two simple harmonic sound waves each of amplitude A, frequencies f1 and f2 respectively, travelling in the same direction. Let y1 and y2 represent the individual displacements of a particle in the medium, that these waves can produce. Then the resultant displacement of the particle, according to the principle of superposition will be given by Y=y1+y2 This equation represents a periodic vibration of amplitude R and   frequency  . The amplitude and hence the intensity of the resultant wave, is a function of the time. The amplitude varies with a   frequency Since intensity (amplitude)2, the intensity of the sound is maximum in all these cases. For   to assume the above values like 0, p, 2p, 3p, 4p,. Thus, the time interval between two maxima or the period of beats = When the difference in the frequency of the two waves is small, the variation in intensity is readily detected on listening to it. As the difference increases beyond 10 per second, it becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish them. If the difference in the frequencies reaches the audible range, an unpleasant note of low pitch called the beat note is produced. The ability to hear this beat note is largely due to the lack of linearity in the response of the ear. Demonstration of beats:- Let two tuning forks of the same frequency be fitted on suitable resonance boxes on a table, with the open ends of the boxes facing each other. Let the two tuning forks be struck with a wooden hammer. A continuous loud sound is heard. It does not rise or fall. Let a small quantity of wax be attached to a prong of one of the tuning forks.. This reduces the frequency of that tuning fork. When the two forks are sounded again beats will be heard. Uses of beats:- The phenomenon of beats is used for tuning a note to any particular frequency. The note of the desired frequency is sounded together with the note to be tuned. If there is a slight difference in frequencies, then beats are produced. When they are exactly in unison, i.e., have the same frequency, they do not produce any beats when sounded together, but produce the same number of beats with a third note of slightly different frequency. Stringed musical instruments are tuned this way. The central note of a piano is tuned to a standard value using this method. The phenomenon of beats can be used to determine the frequency of a tuning fork. Let A and B be two tuning forks of frequencies fA (known) and fB (unknown). On sounding A and B, let the number of beats produced be n. Then one of the following equations must be true. fA fB = n à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (i) or fB fA = n à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (ii) To find the correct equation, B is loaded with a little wax so that its frequency decreases. If the number of beats increases, then equation (i) is to be used. If the number of beats decreases, then equation (ii) is to be used. Thus, knowing the value of fA and the number of beats, fB can be calculated. Sometimes, beats are deliberately caused in musical instruments in a section of the orchestra to create sound of a special tonal quality. The phenomenon of beats is used in detecting dangerous gases in mines. The apparatus used for this purpose consists of two small and exactly similar pipes blown together, one by pure air from a reservoir and the other by the air in the mine. If the air in the mine contains methane, its density will be less than that of pure air. The two notes produced by the pipes will then differ in the pitch and produce beats. Thus, the presence of the dangerous gas can be detected. The super heterodyne type of radio receiver makes use of the principle of beats. The incoming radio frequency signal is mixed with an internally generated signal from a local oscillator in the receiver. The output of the mixer has a carrier frequency equal to the difference between the transmitted carrier frequency and the locally generated frequency and is called the intermediate frequency. It is amplified and passed through a detector. This system enables the intermediate frequency signal to be amplified with less distortion, greater gain and easier elimination of noise Summary:- A beat frequency is the combination of two frequencies that are very close to each other. The sound you hear will fluctuate in volume according to the difference in their frequencies. You may often hear beat frequencies when objects vibrate. Beat frequencies can be graphically shown by adding two sine waves of different frequencies. The resulting waveform is a sine wave that has an envelope of modulating amplitude.